2. Properties and Characteristics:
Ammonia gas is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the chemical formula NH3. It is the simplest stable hydride of nitrogen and a binary hydrogen compound.
- Appearance: Colorless gas with a distinct pungent odor.
- Biological Role: Common nitrogen waste in aquatic organisms and a vital precursor for the nutrients required by terrestrial organisms.
- Industrial Use: Ammonia serves as a direct or indirect precursor to numerous pharmaceuticals and is widely used in commercial -cleaning products.
- Production: Primarily obtained through the reaction of air and water.
3. Quality Specifications:
- Purity: ≥ 99.9%
- Moisture Content: ≤ 0.03ppm
- Iron Content: ≤ 0.03ppm
- Oil Content: ≤ 0.04ppm
4. Applications:
- Exhaust Gas Treatment: Ammonia gas is widely used to treat emissions from steel mills, cement factories, thermal power plants, and oil refineries. It reacts with NOx emissions in the presence of catalysts like Vanadium Oxide (V₂O₅) or Titanium Oxide (TiO₂) at 300°C–450°C to produce nitrogen (N₂) and water (H₂O), reducing air pollution.
- Fertilizer Production: About 83% of liquid ammonia is used in fertilizers. Its nitrogen content is crucial for plant growth, enhancing crop yields for maize, wheat, and other plants.
- Cleaning Agent: Ammonia solutions are used for cleaning glass, porcelain, stainless steel, and ovens, as well as for removing stubborn grime.
- Textile Industry: Employed for cleaning wool and treating cotton fibers to provide a glossy alkali finish.
- Wood Industry: Ammonia solutions are used to darken wood by reacting with its natural tannins, enhancing its color.
- Food Industry: Used to regulate acidity levels in food and commercially to sanitize beef by reducing bacterial contamination.
- Mining Industry: Essential in extracting metals like copper, nickel, and molybdenum from ores.
- Petroleum Industry: Neutralizes acids in crude oil and protects equipment from corrosion.
5. Health Hazards of Ammonia:
Ammonia is classified as a hazardous substance with significant risks to human health.
- Inhalation: Causes respiratory burns, throat irritation, and coughing.
- Neurological Effects: May cause confusion, irritability, dizziness, and restlessness.
- Respiratory System: Symptoms include severe sore throat, chest pain, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and rapid heart rate.
- Eyes and Mouth: Can cause tearing or permanent blindness. If ingested, it may burn the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to nausea and vomiting.
- Skin Contact: Concentrated ammonia causes severe burns.
6. First Aid for Ammonia Exposure:
- Inhalation: Move the victim to fresh air immediately and remove contaminated clothing.
- Ingestion: Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and drink milk to neutralize the effects.
- Skin/Eye Contact: Rinse affected areas with clean water thoroughly and urgently.
- Medical Attention: Transport the victim to the nearest healthcare facility for prompt treatment.
7. Storage and Transportation Guidelines:
- Store ammonia in labeled tanks or cylinders.
- Never fill liquid ammonia cylinders beyond 80% of their capacity.
- Keep in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and incompatible substances.
- For liquid and gaseous ammonia, use closed tanks or cylinders and transport in covered vehicles.
- Ensure the transport vehicle has sturdy sides and roofs. Do not transport ammonia alongside people or flammable materials.
- Secure cylinders upright with padding between them to prevent damage.
- Handle with care, avoiding exposure to high temperatures or physical impacts.
This comprehensive guide ensures safe handling and efficient use of ammonia gas in industrial applications.
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